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Goat - Wikipedia

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(Top)

1Etymology

2History

3Anatomy and health

Toggle Anatomy and health subsection

3.1Horns

3.2Digestion and lactation

3.3Eyes

3.4Beards

3.5Tan

3.6Genetics

4Reproduction

5Diet

6Behavior

7Diseases

8Life expectancy

9Agriculture

Toggle Agriculture subsection

9.1Worldwide population statistics

9.2Husbandry

9.3Meat

9.4Milk, butter, and cheese

9.4.1Nutrition

9.5Fiber

9.6Land clearing

9.7Medical training

10Pets

11Breeds

12Showing

13Mythology and folklore

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13.1Religion

13.2Satanism

14Feral goats

15See also

16References

17External links

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Goat

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AcèhAlemannischአማርኛÆngliscالعربيةArmãneashtiAsturianuAtikamekwAvañe'ẽАварتۆرکجهBasa BaliবাংলাБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikol CentralBislamaБългарскиBoarischབོད་ཡིགBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaChiShonaChiTumbukaChahta anumpaCorsuCymraegDagbanliDanskDeutschDiné bizaadडोटेलीEestiΕλληνικάEmiliàn e rumagnòlЭрзяньEspañolEsperantoEuskaraEʋegbeفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalegoگیلکیગુજરાતી한국어HausaՀայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasa HulontaloIdoIgboIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaИронIsiXhosaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡKapampanganქართულიकॉशुर / کٲشُرKaszëbscziҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaIkirundiKiswahiliKongoKotavaKreyòl ayisyenKurdîКыргызчаЛаккуລາວLatinaLatviešuLietuviųLimburgsLingálaLingua Franca NovaLa .lojban.LombardMagyarМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംमराठीمازِرونیBahasa MelayuMinangkabauМокшеньМонголမြန်မာဘာသာNaijáNederlandsNedersaksiesनेपालीनेपाल भाषा日本語НохчийнNordfriiskNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskNouormandOccitanOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیپښتوПерем комиPicardPiemontèisPolskiPortuguêsRomânăRuna SimiРусскийGagana SamoaᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤSarduScotsSeelterskSesotho sa LeboaShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaSlovenščinaŚlůnskiSoomaaligaکوردیСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TaclḥitTayalతెలుగుไทยThuɔŋjäŋТоҷикӣTsetsêhestâheseTürkçeTwiTyapТыва дылУдмуртУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheVènetoTiếng ViệtVolapükWalonWayuunaikiWinaray吴语ייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiŽemaitėška中文Batak Toba

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Domesticated mammal (Capra hircus)

This article is about the domesticated species of goat. For other species, see Capra (genus). For other uses, see Goat (disambiguation).

"Billy goat" redirects here. For other uses, see Billy goat (disambiguation).

Domestic goatTemporal range: 0.01–0 Ma

PreꞒ

Ꞓ

↓

Neolithic–Recent

A pygmy goat on a tree stump

Conservation status

Domesticated

Scientific classification

Domain:

Eukaryota

Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Class:

Mammalia

Order:

Artiodactyla

Family:

Bovidae

Subfamily:

Caprinae

Tribe:

Caprini

Genus:

Capra

Species:

C. hircus

Binomial name

Capra hircusLinnaeus, 1758

Synonyms

Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus, 1758

Capra depressa Linnaeus, 1758

Capra mambrica Linnaeus, 1758

Capra reversa Linnaeus, 1758

Herd of goat bleating

The goat or domestic goat (Capra hircus) is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (C. aegagrus) of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the animal family Bovidae and the tribe Caprini, meaning it is closely related to the sheep. There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat.[1] It is one of the oldest domesticated species of animal, according to archaeological evidence that its earliest domestication occurred in Iran at 10,000 calibrated calendar years ago.[2]

Goats have been used for milk, meat, fur, and skins across much of the world.[3] Milk from goats is often turned into goat cheese.

In 2011, there were more than 924 million goats living in the world, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.[4]

Etymology

Goat-herding in Spain.

Goats in Ağrı Mountain, Turkey.

The Modern English word goat comes from Old English gāt "she-goat, goat in general", which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic *gaitaz (cf. Dutch/Frisian/Icelandic/Norwegian geit, German Geiß, and Gothic gaits), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰaidos meaning "young goat" (cf. Latin haedus "kid").[5] To refer to the male goat, Old English used bucca (cf. Dutch/Frisian bok and giving modern buck) until ousted by hegote, hegoote in the late 12th century. Nanny goat (females) originated in the 18th century, and billy goat (for males) originated in the 19th century.[citation needed]

Female goats are referred to as does or nannies, intact males are called bucks or billies, and juvenile goats of both sexes are called kids. Castrated males are called wethers. While the words hircine and caprine both refer to anything having a goat-like quality, hircine is used most often to emphasize the distinct smell of domestic goats.

History

Main article: Evolution of domestic goats

Horn cores from the Neolithic village of Atlit Yam

Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans.[6] The most recent genetic analysis[7] confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild bezoar ibex of the Zagros Mountains is the likely original ancestor of probably all domestic goats today.[6]

Skeleton (Capra hircus)

Neolithic farmers began to herd wild goats primarily for easy access to milk and meat, as well as to their dung, which was used as fuel; and their bones, hair, and sinew were used for clothing, building, and tools.[1] The earliest remnants of domesticated goats dating 10,000 years Before Present are found in Ganj Dareh in Iran.[8] Goat remains have been found at archaeological sites in Jericho, Choga Mami,[9] Djeitun, and Çayönü, dating the domestication of goats in Western Asia at between 8,000 and 9,000 years ago.[6]

Studies of DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years ago as the domestication date.[7]

Historically, goat hide has been used for water and wine bottles in both traveling and transporting wine for sale. It has also been used to produce parchment.[citation needed]

Anatomy and health

Each recognized breed of goat has specific weight ranges, which vary from over 140 kg (300 lb) for bucks of larger breeds such as the Boer, to 20 to 27 kg (45 to 60 lb) for smaller goat does.[10] Within each breed, different strains or bloodlines may have different recognized sizes. At the bottom of the size range are miniature breeds such as the African Pygmy, which stand 41 to 58 cm (16 to 23 in) at the shoulder as adults.[11]

Horns

A white Irish goat with horns

Most goats naturally have two horns, of various shapes and sizes depending on the breed.[12] There have been incidents of polycerate goats (having as many as eight horns), although this is a genetic rarity thought to be inherited. Unlike cattle, goats have not been successfully bred to be reliably polled, as the genes determining sex and those determining horns are closely linked. Breeding together two genetically polled goats results in a high number of intersex individuals among the offspring, which are typically sterile.[12] Their horns are made of living bone surrounded by keratin and other proteins, and are used for defense, dominance, territoriality,[13] and thermoregulation.[14]

Digestion and lactation

Goats are ruminants. They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum. As with other mammal ruminants, they are even-toed ungulates. The females have an udder consisting of two teats, in contrast to cattle, which have four teats.[15] An exception to this is the Boer goat, which sometimes may have up to eight teats.[16][17]

Eyes

Eye with horizontal pupil

Goats have horizontal, slit-shaped pupils. Because goats' irises are usually pale, their contrasting pupils are much more noticeable than in animals such as cattle, deer, most horses, and many sheep, whose similarly horizontal pupils blend into a dark iris and sclera.[citation needed]

Goats have no tear ducts.[18]

Beards

Both male and female goats may have beards, and many types of goat (most commonly dairy goats, dairy-cross Boers, and pygmy goats) may have wattles, one dangling from each side of the neck.[19]

Tan

Brown/tan goat with some white spotting

Goats expressing the tan pattern have coats pigmented completely with pheomelanin (tan/brown pigment). The allele which codes for this pattern is located at the agouti locus of the goat genome. It is completely dominant to all other alleles at this locus. There are multiple modifier genes which control how much tan pigment is actually expressed, so a tan-patterned goat can have a coat ranging from pure white to deep red.[citation needed]

Genetics

Goats are diploid and have 60 chromosomes.[20] The SLC11A1 gene is located on goat chromosome 2.[21]

Reproduction

"Goat sex" redirects here. For the shock site, see goatse.cx.

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Goat kid

Goats reach puberty between three and 15 months of age, depending on breed and nutritional status. Many breeders prefer to postpone breeding until the doe has reached 70% of the adult weight, but this separation is rarely possible in extensively managed, open-range herds.[22]

In temperate climates and among the Swiss breeds, the breeding season commences as the day length shortens, and ends in early spring or before. In equatorial regions, goats are able to breed at any time of the year. Successful breeding in these regions depends more on available forage than on day length. Does of any breed or region come into estrus (heat) every 21 days for two to 48 hours. A doe in heat typically flags (vigorously wags) her tail often, stays near the buck if one is present, becomes more vocal, and may also show a decrease in appetite and milk production for the duration of the heat.

A two-month-old goat kid in a field of capeweed

Bucks (intact males) of Swiss and northern breeds come into rut in the fall as with the does' heat cycles. Bucks of equatorial breeds may show seasonal reduced fertility, but as with the does, are capable of breeding at all times. Rut is characterized by a decrease in appetite and obsessive interest in the does.[13] A buck in rut will display flehmen lip curling and will urinate on his forelegs and face.[23] Sebaceous scent glands at the base of the horns add to the male goat's odor, which is important to make him attractive to the female. Some does will not mate with a buck which has been descented.[13]

In addition to natural, traditional mating, artificial insemination has gained popularity among goat breeders, as it allows easy access to a wide variety of bloodlines.

A female goat and two kids

Gestation length is approximately 150 days. Twins are the usual result, with single and triplet births also common. Less frequent are litters of quadruplet, quintuplet, and even sextuplet kids. Birthing, known as kidding, generally occurs uneventfully. Just before kidding, the doe will have a sunken area around the tail and hip, as well as heavy breathing. She may have a worried look, become restless and display great affection for her keeper. The mother often eats the placenta, which gives her much-needed nutrients, helps stanch her bleeding, and parallels the behavior of wild herbivores, such as deer, to reduce the lure of the birth scent for predators.[24][25]

Freshening (coming into milk production) usually occurs at kidding, although milk production is also relatively common in unbred doelings of dairy breeds.[26] Milk production varies with the breed, age, quality, and diet of the doe; dairy goats generally produce between 680 and 1,810 kg (1,500 and 4,000 lb) of milk per 305-day lactation. On average, a good quality dairy doe will give at least 3 kg (6 lb) of milk per day while she is in milk. A first-time milker may produce less, or as much as 7 kg (16 lb), or more of milk in exceptional cases. After the lactation, the doe will "dry off", typically after she has been bred. Occasionally, goats that have not been bred and are continuously milked will continue lactation beyond the typical 305 days.[27] Meat, fiber, and pet breeds are not usually milked and simply produce enough for the kids until weaning.

Male lactation is also known to occur in goats.[28]

Diet

Goats are reputed to be willing to eat almost anything, including tin cans and cardboard boxes. While goats will not actually eat inedible material, they are browsing animals, not grazers like cattle and sheep, and (coupled with their highly curious nature) will chew on and taste just about anything remotely resembling plant matter to decide whether it is good to eat, including cardboard, clothing and paper (such as labels from tin cans).[29]

Aside from sampling many things, goats are quite particular in what they actually consume, preferring to browse on the tips of woody shrubs and trees, as well as the occasional broad-leaved plant. However, it can fairly be said that their plant diet is extremely varied, and includes some species which are otherwise toxic.[30] They will seldom consume soiled food or contaminated water unless facing starvation. This is one reason goat-rearing is most often free-ranging, since stall-fed goat-rearing involves extensive upkeep and is seldom commercially viable.[citation needed]

A domestic goat feeding in a field of capeweed, a weed which is toxic to most stock animals

Goats prefer to browse on vines, such as kudzu, on shrubbery and on weeds, more like deer than sheep, preferring them to grasses. Nightshade is poisonous; wilted fruit tree leaves can also kill goats. Silage (fermented corn stalks) and haylage (fermented grass hay) can be used if consumed immediately after opening – goats are particularly sensitive to Listeria bacteria that can grow in fermented feeds. Alfalfa, a high-protein plant, is widely fed as hay; fescue is the least palatable and least nutritious hay. Mold in a goat's feed can make it sick and possibly kill it due to the presence of mycotoxins. Goats can contract Listeriosis, which is a life-threatening disease often caused by the ingestion of moldy hay. In various places in China, goats are used in the production of tea. Goats are released onto the tea terraces where they avoid consuming the green tea leaves (which contain bitter tasting substances), but instead eat the weeds. The goats' droppings fertilise the tea plants.[31]

The digestive physiology of a very young kid (like the young of other ruminants) is essentially the same as that of a monogastric animal. Milk digestion begins in the abomasum, the milk having bypassed the rumen via closure of the reticuloesophageal groove during suckling. At birth, the rumen is undeveloped, but as the kid begins to consume solid feed, the rumen soon increases in size and in its capacity to absorb nutrients.[32]

The adult size of a particular goat is a product of its breed (genetic potential) and its diet while growing (nutritional potential). As with all livestock, increased protein diets (10 to 14%) and sufficient calories during the prepuberty period yield higher growth rates and larger eventual size than lower protein rates and limited calories.[33] Large-framed goats, with a greater skeletal size, reach mature weight at a later age (36 to 42 months) than small-framed goats (18 to 24 months) if both are fed to their full potential. Large-framed goats need more calories than small-framed goats for maintenance of daily functions.[34]

Behavior

An example of goats browsing together in Japan.

Goats are naturally curious. They are also agile and well known for their ability to climb and balance in precarious places. This makes them the only ruminant to regularly climb trees. Due to their agility and inquisitiveness, they are notorious for escaping their pens by testing fences and enclosures, either intentionally or simply because they are used to climbing. If any of the fencing can be overcome, goats will almost inevitably escape. Goats have been found to be as intelligent as dogs by some studies.[35]

Goats establish a dominance hierarchy in flocks, sometimes through head butting.

When handled as a group, goats tend to display less herding behavior than sheep. When grazing undisturbed, they tend to spread across the field or range, rather than feed side by side as do sheep. When nursing young, goats will leave their kids separated ("lying out") rather than clumped, as do sheep. They will generally turn and face an intruder and bucks are more likely to charge or butt at humans than are rams.[36]

Goats blocking a road in Ladakh

A study by Queen Mary University reports that goats try to communicate with people in the same manner as domesticated animals such as dogs and horses. Goats were first domesticated as livestock more than 10,000 years ago. Research conducted to test communication skills found that the goats will look to a human for assistance when faced with a challenge that had previously been mastered, but was then modified. Specifically, when presented with a box, the goat was able to remove the lid and retrieve a treat inside, but when the box was turned so the lid could not be removed, the goat would turn and gaze at the person and move toward them, before looking back toward the box. This is the same type of complex communication observed by animals bred as domestic pets, such as dogs. Researchers believe that better understanding of human-goat interaction could offer overall improvement in the animals' welfare.[37][38] The field of anthrozoology has established that domesticated animals have the capacity for complex communication with humans when in 2015 a Japanese scientist determined that levels of oxytocin did increase in human subjects when dogs were exposed to a dose of the "love hormone", proving that a human-animal bond does exist. This is the same affinity that was proven with the London study above; goats are intelligent, capable of complex communication, and able to form bonds.[39]

Diseases

Main article: List of infectious sheep and goat diseases

While goats are generally considered hardy animals and in many situations receive little medical care, they are subject to a number of diseases. Among the conditions affecting goats are respiratory diseases including pneumonia, foot rot, internal parasites, pregnancy toxicosis, and feed toxicity. Feed toxicity can vary based on breed and location. Certain foreign fruits and vegetables can be toxic to different breeds of goats.[citation needed]

Goats can become infected with various viral and bacterial diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, caprine arthritis encephalitis, caseous lymphadenitis, pinkeye, mastitis, and pseudorabies. They can transmit a number of zoonotic diseases to people, such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, Q fever, and rabies.[40]

Life expectancy

Life expectancy for goats is between 15 and 18 years.[41] An instance of a goat reaching the age of 24 has been reported.[42]

Several factors can reduce this average expectancy; problems during kidding can lower a doe's expected life span to 10 or 11, and stresses of going into rut can lower a buck's expected life span to eight to 10 years.[42]

Agriculture

Main article: Goat farming

Goat husbandry is common through the Norte Chico region in Chile. Intensive goat husbandry in drylands may produce severe erosion and desertification. Image from upper Limarí River

A goat is useful to humans when it is living and when it is dead, first as a renewable provider of milk, manure, and fiber, and then as meat and hide.[43] Some charities provide goats to impoverished people in poor countries, because goats are easier and cheaper to manage than cattle, and have multiple uses. In addition, goats are used for driving and packing purposes.

The intestine of goats is used to make "catgut", which is still in use as a material for internal human surgical sutures and strings for musical instruments. The horn of the goat, which signifies plenty and wellbeing (the cornucopia), is also used to make spoons.[44]

Worldwide population statistics

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the top producers of goat milk in 2008 were India (4 million metric tons), Bangladesh (2.16 million metric tons), and the Sudan (1.47 million metric tons).[45] India slaughters 41% of 124.4 million goats each year. The 0.6 million metric tonnes of goat meat make up 8% of India's annual meat production.[46] Approximately 440 million goats are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[47]

Husbandry

Species-appropriate goat husbandry with stable and hay rack

Husbandry, or animal care and use, varies by region and culture. The particular housing used for goats depends not only on the intended use of the goat, but also on the region of the world where they are raised. Historically, domestic goats were generally kept in herds that wandered on hills or other grazing areas, often tended by goatherds who were frequently children or adolescents, similar to the more widely known shepherd. These methods of herding are still used today.

In some parts of the world, especially Europe and North America, distinct breeds of goats are kept for dairy (milk) and for meat production. Excess male kids of dairy breeds are typically slaughtered for meat. Both does and bucks of meat breeds may be slaughtered for meat, as well as older animals of any breed. The meat of older bucks (more than one year old) is generally considered not desirable for meat for human consumption. Castration at a young age prevents the development of typical buck odor.

Goats are important livestock for smallholder farmers in many countries, such as this woman from Burkina Faso.

Dairy goats are generally pastured in summer and may be stabled during the winter. As dairy does are milked daily, they are generally kept close to the milking shed. Their grazing is typically supplemented with hay and concentrates. Stabled goats may be kept in stalls similar to horses, or in larger group pens. In the US system, does are generally rebred annually. In some European commercial dairy systems, the does are bred only twice, and are milked continuously for several years after the second kidding.

Meat goats are more frequently pastured year-round, and may be kept many miles from barns. Angora and other fiber breeds are also kept on pasture or range. Range-kept and pastured goats may be supplemented with hay or concentrates, most frequently during the winter or dry seasons.

In the Indian subcontinent and much of Asia, goats are kept largely for milk production, both in commercial and household settings. The goats in this area may be kept closely housed or may be allowed to range for fodder. The Salem Black goat is herded to pasture in fields and along roads during the day, but is kept penned at night for safe-keeping.[48]

In Africa and the Mideast, goats are typically run in flocks with sheep. This maximizes the production per acre, as goats and sheep prefer different food plants. Multiple types of goat-raising are found in Ethiopia, where four main types have been identified: pastured in annual crop systems, in perennial crop systems, with cattle, and in arid areas, under pastoral (nomadic) herding systems. In all four systems, however, goats were typically kept in extensive systems, with few purchased inputs.[49] Household goats are traditionally kept in Nigeria. While many goats are allowed to wander the homestead or village, others are kept penned and fed in what is called a 'cut-and-carry' system. This type of husbandry is also used in parts of Latin America. Cut-and-carry, which refers to the practice of cutting down grasses, corn or cane for feed rather than allowing the animal access to the field, is particularly suited for types of feed, such as corn or cane, that are easily destroyed by trampling.[50]

Pet goats may be found in many parts of the world when a family keeps one or more animals for emotional reasons rather than as production animals. It is becoming more common for goats to be kept exclusively as pets in North America and Europe.

Meat

Main article: Goat meat

See also: List of goat dishesThe Boer goat – in this case a buck – is a widely kept meat breed.The taste of goat kid meat is similar to that of spring lamb meat;[51] in fact, in the English-speaking islands of the Caribbean, and in some parts of Asia, particularly Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India, the word "mutton" is used to describe both goat and sheep meat. However, some compare the taste of goat meat to veal or venison, depending on the age and condition of the goat. Its flavor is said to be primarily linked to the presence of 4-methyloctanoic and 4-methylnonanoic acid.[52] It can be prepared in a variety of ways, including stewing, baking, grilling, barbecuing, canning, and frying; it can be minced, curried, or made into sausage. Due to its low fat content, the meat can toughen at high temperatures if cooked without additional moisture. One of the most popular goats grown for meat is the South African Boer, introduced into the United States in the early 1990s. The New Zealand Kiko is also considered a meat breed, as is the myotonic or "fainting goat", a breed originating in Tennessee.

Milk, butter, and cheese

Main article: Goat milk

See also

Goat tower

Sheep–goat hybrid

References

^ a b Hirst, K. Kris. "The History of the Domestication of Goats". Archived July 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine About.com. Accessed August 18, 2008.

^ Zeder, Melinda A.; Hesse, Brian (2000). "The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago". Science. 287 (5461): 2254–7. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2254Z. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2254. PMID 10731145.

^ Coffey, Linda; Hale, Margo; Wells, Ann (August 2004). "Goats: Sustainable Production Overview". attra.ncat.org. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007.

^ FAOSTAT, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, archived from the original on January 25, 2016, retrieved January 19, 2014

^ Calvert Watkins et al., The American Heritage Dictionary (1975, edited by William Morris).

^ a b c d "Breeds of Livestock; Goats: (Capra hircus)". Oklahoma State University Board of Regents. January 19, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

^ a b Naderi, Saeid; Rezaei, Hamid-Reza; Pompanon, François; Blum, Michael G. B.; Negrini, Riccardo; Naghash, Hamid-Reza; Balkiz, Özge; Mashkour, Marjan; Gaggiotti, Oscar E.; Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo; Kence, Aykut; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Taberlet, Pierre (November 18, 2008). "The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals". PNAS. 105 (46): 17659–17664. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10517659N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804782105. PMC 2584717. PMID 19004765.

^ Trinity College Dublin (June 7, 2021). "10,000-year-old DNA pens the first tales of the earliest domesticated goats". Phys.org.

^ Maisels, C.K. Near East: Archaeology in the 'Cradle of Civilization' The Near East: Archaeology in the Cradle of Civilization Routledge, 1999; p.124

^ Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G., "Growth and Development" Scientific Farm Animal Production: An Introduction to Animal Science, 6th Ed. Prentice-Hall (1999) Upper Saddle River pg 321–324.

^ Belanger, J & Bredesen, S. T, "Basic Information about Goats" Storey's Guide to Raising Dairy Goats, 2nd ed. Storey Publishing (2010) North Adams, pg 14

^ a b American Goat Society:Polled Genetics Archived September 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, americangoatsociety.com.

^ a b c Mary C. Smith; David M. Sherman (November 16, 2011). Goat Medicine. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-94952-7.

^ Taylor, Charles R. (1966). "The Vascularity and Possible Thermoregulatory Function of the Horns in Goats". Physiological Zoology. 39 (2): 127–139. doi:10.1086/physzool.39.2.30152426. ISSN 0031-935X. S2CID 88164340.

^ Taylor, R.E., Scientific Farm Animal Production: An Introduction to Animal Science, 6th ed, Upper Saddle River (Prentice Hall) 1998

^ Bowman, Gail. "What is a Genetic Flaw in a Boer Goat?". Boer Goats Home. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.

^ "Choosing Your Boer Goat- How Do I Know What to Look For?". Rooster Ridge Boer Goats. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.

^ "ANIMALS WITH NO TEAR DUCTS". Pets on Mom.com. Retrieved October 17, 2021.

^ Frequently Asked Questions – Triple I Goats, Tripleigoats.com

^ Iannuzzi, Leopoldo; Meo, Giulia Pia; Perucatti, Angela (May 28, 2004). "An Improved Characterization of Goat Chromosomes by Means of G- and R-band Comparison". Hereditas. 120 (3): 245–251. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1994.00245.x. PMID 7928388.

^ Vacca, G. M.; Pazzola, M.; Pisano, C.; Carcangiu, V.; Diaz, M. L.; Nieddu, M.; Robledo, R.; Mezzanotte, R.; Dettori, M. L. (October 1, 2011). "Chromosomal localisation and genetic variation of the SLC11A1 gene in goats (Capra hircus)". The Veterinary Journal. 190 (1): 60–65. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.028. ISSN 1090-0233. PMID 21071245.

^ Payne, William J.A., An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics, 5th ed, Oxford (Blackwell Science) 1999

^ Shackleton, D. M., and C. C. Shank. "A Review of the Social Behavior of Feral and Wild Sheep and Goats 1." Journal of Animal Science 58.2 (1984): 500–509.

^ Feichtenberger, Klaus, Jill Clarke, Elyse Eisenberg, and Otmar Penker (Writers and Directors) (2008). Prince of the Alps (Television Production). ORF/Nature. Event occurs at Shortly after birth. Retrieved May 5, 2009. 'The mother eats the placenta to prevent predators from getting the scent.'

^ Roe III, Leonard Lee (2004). The Deer of North America. Globe Pequot. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-59228-465-8. Almost all wild animals and most domestic ones eat the afterbirth as soon as they can. The primary reason, I think, is to get rid of it so that it will not attract predators. . .Canine scavengers throughout the world are attracted to herd animals when they give birth, for the placental sacs provide an easily scavenged feast.[permanent dead link]

^ Mary C. Smith; David M. Sherman (November 16, 2011). Goat Medicine. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-94952-7. Udder development and even milk production are relatively common in unbred doelings of dairy breeds.

^ "Dairy Goat Journal. – raising goats – goat business". Dairygoatjournal.com.

^ Kumar, Davendra; S. Saha; O.H. Chaturvedi; Sushil Kumar; J.S. Mann; J.P. Mittal; V.K. Singh. "Lactation in Males". ISSGPU – Indian Society for Sheep and Goat Production and Utilization Newsletter (2). Retrieved December 31, 2009.

^ "Learning About Goats" (PDF). Texas Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2009.

^ "War on Weeds", Rails to Trails Magazine, Spring 2004, p. 3

^ Wild China A BBC2 programme transmitted on October 31, 2016

^ "Digestive System of Goats" (PDF). Ssl.acesag.auburn.edu. Retrieved June 6, 2022.

^ Pugh, D.G. and Rankins, D. L. Jr, "Feeding and Nutrition" Sheep and Goat Medicine, 2nd Ed. Elsevier (2012) Maryland Heights, pg 40–42.

^ Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G., "Growth and Development" Scientific Farm Animal Production: An Introduction to Animal Science, 6th Ed. Prentice-Hall (1999) Upper Saddle River pg 324–325.

^ MacDonald, Fiona (June 30, 2018). "Goats Are as Smart And Loving as Dogs, According to Science". ScienceAlert. Retrieved September 8, 2019.

^ Fowler, M.E. Restraint and Handling of Wild and Domestic Animals, 3rd Ed, Witley-Blackwell, 2008 pg 144

^ a b Deamer, Kacey (July 15, 2016), Man's New Best Friend Is a Goat?, Live Science

^ Nawroth, Christian; Brett, Jemma; McElligott, Alan (July 5, 2016), "Goats display audience-dependent human-directed gazing behaviour in a problem-solving task", Biology Letters, 12 (7): 20160283, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0283, PMC 4971169, PMID 27381884

^ Douglas, Catherine (July 8, 2016), Goats, sheep and cows could challenge dogs for title of 'man's best friend', The Conversation, retrieved August 29, 2016

^ Smith, M.C. Goat Medicine, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1994 pg 7

^ William S. Spector, ed. (1956). Handbook of Biological Data. Saunders.

^ a b "Teeth, Life Expectancy & How to estimate a goat's age". fiascofarm.com. March 16, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009.

^ Mahmoud, Abdel Aziz (October 2010). "Present status of the world goat populations and their productivity" (PDF). Lohmann Information. Lohmann Group. 45 (2): 43.

^ "Request Rejected". Naturalhistory.si.edu. Retrieved June 6, 2022.

^ "FAOSTAT". Fao.org. Retrieved June 6, 2022.

^ Narayan, Raj; Mendiratta, S. K.; Mane, B. G. (2015). "Effects of citric acid, cucumis powder and pressure cooking on quality attributes of goat meat curry". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52 (3): 1772–1777. doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1023-x. PMC 4348252. PMID 25745255.

^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved October 25, 2019.

^ Thiruvenkadan, A.K, Characterisation of Salem Black goats in their home tract, Animal Genetic Resources Information, No. 38, 2006 ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0540t/a0540t06.pdf[permanent dead link]

^ Gizaw, S.; Tegegne, A.; Gebremedhin, B.; Hoekstra, D. (2010). Sheep and goat production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: Characteristics and strategies for improvement. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers Project, Working Paper No. 23 (Report). Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute. hdl:10568/2238.

^ Sumberg, J.E., "Small ruminant feed production in a farming systems context" Proceedings of the Workshop on Small Ruminant Production Systems in the Humid Zone of West Africa, 1984; Sumber, J. E., ed, 1984

^ Milk Goats. Life. June 18, 1945. Retrieved July 6, 2010.

^ Cramer, D. A. (1983). "Chemical compounds implicated in lamb flavor". Food Technology (37): 249–257. and Wong, E.; Nixon, L. N.; Johnson, B. C. (1975). "The contribution of 4-methyloctanoic (hircinoic) acid to mutton and goat meat flavor". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 18 (3): 261–266. Bibcode:1975NZJAR..18..261W. doi:10.1080/00288233.1975.10423642. Both articles cited in: Intarapichet, K.; Sihaboot, W.; Chungsiriwat, P. (1995). "Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Emulsion Goat Meat Sausages Containing Pork Fat or Shortening" (PDF). ASEAN Food Journal. Malaysia.

^ FAO. 1997. 1996 Production Yearbook. Food Agr. Organ., UN. Rome, Italy.

^ Amrein-Boyes, D. (2009). 200 Easy Homemade Cheese Recipes. Robert Rose Inc.: Toronto

^ American Dairy Goat Association, adga.org

^ "Chèvre cheese". foodnetwork.com. 2008. Archived from the original on January 10, 2009.

^ "Goat's Milk in Nagercoil". amd integrated farms. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2020.

^ Basnet, S.; Schneider, M.; Gazit, A.; Mander, G.; Doctor, A. (2010). "Fresh Goat's Milk for Infants: Myths and Realities—A Review". Pediatrics. 125 (4): e973–e977. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1906. PMID 20231186. S2CID 31557323. Retrieved July 14, 2010.

^ "Infant Formula Feeding" (PDF). USDA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2010.

^ Edwardes, Charlotte (June 19, 2005). "Fresh Goat's Milk for Infants: Myths and Realities—A Review". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2010.

^ a b Professor Martin Marshall – Deputy Chief Medical Officer – Department of Health (August 22, 2006). "Withdrawal From Sale of Infants Milks Based on Goats' Milk on 17 September 2006". non-urgent memo. Department of Health. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2007.

^ "Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants: Other alternate milks (ii) Goat's milk". Health Canada. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012.

^ Small farm today. Vol. 22–24. Missouri Farm Pub. 2005. ISBN 978-1-58017-161-8.

^ Devendra, C., and M. Burns. 1970. Goat production in the tropics. Commonwealth Bur. Anim. Breeding and Genetics, Tech. Commun. No. 19.

^ a b "The World's Healthiest Foods | Milk, goat". whfoods.org. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008.

^ Woodford, Keith (2010). Devil in the milk – Illness, health and politics A1 and A2 milk (Updated ed.). Craig Potton Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-877333-70-5.

^ Jung, Tae-Hwan; Hwang, Hyo-Jeong; Yun, Sung-Seob; Lee, Won-Jae; Kim, Jin-Wook; Ahn, Ji-Yun; Jeon, Woo-Min; Han, Kyoung-Sik (December 31, 2017). "Hypoallergenic and Physicochemical Properties of the A2 β-Casein Fractionof Goat Milk". Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources. 37 (6): 940–947. doi:10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.940. ISSN 1225-8563. PMC 5932946. PMID 29725217.

^ Pasin, Ph.D., Gonca (February 9, 2017). "A2 Milk Facts - California Dairy Research Foundation". cdrf.org. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2019.

^ "Why the A2 Protein Makes Goat Milk Such a Game Changer". The Good Goat Milk Company. August 15, 2017. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2019.

^ Park, W.Y., G.F.W. Haenlein.ed. 2006. Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Blackwell Publishing.

^ "Milk analysis". North Wales Buffalo. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2009. (Citing McCane, Widdowson, Scherz, Kloos, International Laboratory Services.)

^ a b c "Rent-a-goats gain foothold". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. June 14, 2007.

^ "NCSU: Animal Science – Meat Goats in Land and Forage Management". ncsu.edu.

^ McGuire, Virginia C. (September 17, 2013). "How to Get a Goat to Weed Your Garden". Modernfarmer.com.

^ "Oregon scraps goat landscaping scheme due to cost and smell". BBC News. February 27, 2016.

^ "Options for Clearing Land: Pasture Establishment for Horses – Publications and Educational Resources – Virginia Tech". vt.edu. May 1, 2009. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2011.

^ Jolly, Joanna (January 13, 2015). "The goats fighting America's plant invasion". BBC News. Washington.

^ Emery, Theo (June 5, 2007). "In Tennessee, Goats Eat the 'Vine That Ate the South'". The New York Times.

^ Kelly, Jon (March 8, 2013). "Who, What, Why: Does shooting goats save soldiers' lives?". BBC News Magazine. Washington DC.

^ Londoño, Ernesto (February 24, 2013). "Military is required to justify using animals in medic training after pressure from activists". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 28, 2013.

^ MacDonald, Fiona (June 30, 2018). "Goats Are as Smart And Loving as Dogs, According to Science". ScienceAlert. Retrieved April 18, 2021.

^ "Learn How to Feed and Tend Goats on the Small Farm". The Spruce. Retrieved April 19, 2020.

^ Morand-Fehr, P. (September 1, 2003). "Dietary choices of goats at the trough". Small Ruminant Research. Advanced research on nutrition of sheep and goats, with special reference to pasture and rangeland use. 49 (3): 231–239. doi:10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00141-X. ISSN 0921-4488.

^ "The Eighteenth Century BC Princes of Byblos and Ebla and the Chronology of the Middle Bronze Age", p. 161 (161)

^ Matthiae, Paolo (2020). Ebla: Archaeology and History. Translated by Bates, R.; Bilardello, M.; Weston, A. (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13885065-1.

^ a b c Cooper, J.C. (1979). An illustrated encyclopaedia of traditional symbols. New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-500-27125-4.

^ "Satakunnan Kansa". Satakunnankansa.fi. January 13, 2011. Archived from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.

^ a b Younker, Randall W. (2000). Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible. W.B. Eerdmans. p. 510. ISBN 0802824005.

^ Chusid, Michael T. Hearing Shofar: The Still Small Voice of the Ram's Horn, 2009. Hearingshofar.com

^ "The feral goat (Capra hircus) – Invasive species fact sheet" (PDF). environment.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2008.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Goats.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goats.

British Goat Society

Goat breeds from the Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University

International Goat Association

North American Packgoats Association

The American Dairy Goat Association

vteExtant Artiodactyla species

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Infraclass: Eutheria

Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Suborder RuminantiaAntilocapridaeAntilocapra

Pronghorn (A. americana)

GiraffidaeOkapia

Okapi (O. johnstoni)

Giraffa

Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis)

Southern giraffe (G. giraffa)

Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata)

Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi)

MoschidaeMoschus

Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis)

Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii)

Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster)

Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus)

Black musk deer (M. fuscus)

Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster)

Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)

TragulidaeHyemoschus

Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus)

Moschiola

Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica)

Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre)

Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna)

Tragulus

Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus)

Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil)

Greater mouse-deer (T. napu)

Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans)

Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor)

Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)

CervidaeLarge family listed belowBovidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CervidaeCervinaeMuntiacus

Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes)

Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons)

Fea's muntjac (M. feae)

Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis)

Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus)

Southern red muntjac (M. muntjak)

Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis)

Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)

Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi)

Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum)

Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis)

Northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis)

Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis)

Elaphodus

Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)

Dama

European fallow deer (D. dama)

Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)

Axis

Chital (A. axis)

Calamian deer (A. calamianensis)

Bawean deer (A. kuhlii)

Hog deer (A. porcinus)

Rucervus

Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)

Eld's deer (R. eldii)

Elaphurus

Père David's deer (E. davidianus)

Rusa

Visayan spotted deer (R. alfredi)

Philippine sambar (R. mariannus)

Rusa deer (R. timorensis)

Sambar (R. unicolor)

Cervus

Thorold's deer (C. albirostris)

Red deer (C. elaphus)

Elk (C. canadensis)

Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu)

Sika deer (C. nippon)

CapreolinaeAlces

Moose (A. alces)

Hydropotes

Water deer (H. inermis)

Capreolus

European roe deer (C. capreolus)

Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus)

Rangifer

Reindeer (R. tarandus)

Hippocamelus

Taruca (H. antisensis)

South Andean deer (H. bisulcus)

Mazama

Red brocket (M. americana)

Small red brocket (M. bororo)

Merida brocket (M. bricenii)

Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi)

Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira)

Pygmy brocket (M. nana)

Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga)

Little red brocket (M. rufina)

Central American red brocket (M. temama)

Ozotoceros

Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)

Blastocerus

Marsh deer (B. dichotomus)

Pudu

Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)

Southern pudu (P. pudu)

Odocoileus

Mule deer (O. hemionus)

Yucatan brown brocket (O. pandora)

White-tailed deer (O. virginianus)

Family BovidaeHippotraginaeHippotragus

Roan antelope (H. equinus)

Sable antelope (H. niger)

Oryx

East African oryx (O. beisa)

Scimitar oryx (O. dammah)

Gemsbok (O. gazella)

Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx)

Addax

Addax (A. nasomaculatus)

ReduncinaeKobus

Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus)

Kob (K. kob)

Lechwe (K. leche)

Nile lechwe (K. megaceros)

Puku (K. vardonii)

Redunca

Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum)

Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula)

Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca)

AepycerotinaeAepyceros

Impala (A. melampus)

PeleinaePelea

Grey rhebok (P. capreolus)

AlcelaphinaeBeatragus

Hirola (B. hunteri)

Damaliscus

Common tsessebe (D. lunatus)

Bontebok (D. pygargus)

Alcelaphus

Hartebeest (A. buselaphus)

Connochaetes

Black wildebeest (C. gnou)

Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus)

PantholopinaePantholops

Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)

CaprinaeLarge subfamily listed belowBovinaeLarge subfamily listed belowAntilopinaeLarge subfamily listed belowFamily Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)Ammotragus

Barbary sheep (A. lervia)

Arabitragus

Arabian tahr (A. jayakari)

Budorcas

Takin (B. taxicolor)

Capra

Wild goat (C. aegagrus)

West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia)

East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis)

Markhor (C. falconeri)

Domestic goat (C. hircus)

Alpine ibex (C. ibex)

Nubian ibex (C. nubiana)

Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica)

Siberian ibex (C. sibirica)

Walia ibex (C. walie)

Capricornis

Japanese serow (C. crispus)

Red serow (C. rubidus)

Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis)

Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei)

Hemitragus

Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)

Naemorhedus

Red goral (N. baileyi)

Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus)

Himalayan goral (N. goral)

Chinese goral (N. griseus)

Oreamnos

Mountain goat (O. americanus)

Ovibos

Muskox (O. moschatus)

Nilgiritragus

Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius)

Ovis

Argali (O. ammon)

Domestic sheep (O. aries)

Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis)

Dall sheep (O. dalli)

Mouflon (O. gmelini)

Snow sheep (O. nivicola)

Urial (O. vignei)

Pseudois

Bharal (P. nayaur)

Rupicapra

Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica)

Chamois (R. rupicapra)

Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)BoselaphiniTetracerus

Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis)

Boselaphus

Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)

BoviniBubalus

Wild water buffalo (B. arnee)

Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis)

Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis)

Tamaraw (B. mindorensis)

Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi)

Bos

American bison (B. bison)

European bison (B. bonasus)

Bali cattle (B. domesticus)

Gayal (B. frontalis)

Gaur (B. gaurus)

Domestic yak (B. grunniens)

Zebu (B. indicus)

Banteng (B. javanicus)

Wild yak (B. mutus)

Cattle (B. taurus)

Pseudoryx

Saola (P. nghetinhensis)

Syncerus

African buffalo (S. caffer)

TragelaphiniTragelaphus(including kudus)

Nyala (T. angasii)

Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni)

Bongo (T. eurycerus)

Lesser kudu (T. imberbis)

Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus)

Sitatunga (T. spekeii)

Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros)

Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)

Taurotragus

Giant eland (T. derbianus)

Common eland (T. oryx)

Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)AntilopiniAmmodorcas

Dibatag (A. clarkei)

Antidorcas

Springbok (A. marsupialis)

Antilope

Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)

Eudorcas

Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata)

Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons)

Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii)

Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura)

Gazella

Chinkara (G. bennettii)

Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri)

Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas)

Erlanger's gazelle (G. erlangeri)

Mountain gazelle (G. gazella)

Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros)

Speke's gazelle (G. spekei)

Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa)

Litocranius

Gerenuk (L. walleri)

Nanger

Dama gazelle (N. dama)

Grant's gazelle (N. granti)

Bright's gazelle (N. notatus)

Peter's gazelle (N. petersii)

Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii)

Procapra

Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa)

Goa (P. picticaudata)

Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)

SaiginiPantholops

Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)

Saiga

Saiga antelope (S. tatarica)

NeotraginiDorcatragus

Beira (D. megalotis)

Madoqua

Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri)

Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii)

Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii)

Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana)

Neotragus

Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi)

Suni (N. moschatus)

Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus)

Oreotragus

Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)

Ourebia

Oribi (O. ourebi)

Raphicerus

Steenbok (R. campestris)

Cape grysbok (R. melanotis)

Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei)

CephalophiniCephalophus

Aders's duiker (C. adersi)

Brooke's duiker (C. brookei)

Peters' duiker (C. callipygus)

White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum)

Bay duiker (C. dorsalis)

Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi)

Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki)

White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster)

Red forest duiker (C. natalensis)

Black duiker (C. niger)

Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons)

Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi)

Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis)

Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus)

Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor)

Abbott's duiker (C. spadix)

Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi)

Zebra duiker (C. zebra)

Philantomba

Blue duiker (P. monticola)

Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii)

Walter's duiker (P. walteri)

Sylvicapra

Common duiker (S. grimmia)

Suborder SuinaSuidaeBabyrousa

Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa)

North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis)

Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis)

Hylochoerus

Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)

Phacochoerus

Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus)

Common warthog (P. africanus)

Porcula

Pygmy hog (P. salvania)

Potamochoerus

Bushpig (P. larvatus)

Red river hog (P. porcus)

Sus

Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus)

Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus)

Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons)

Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis)

Domestic pig (S. domesticus)

Flores warty pig (S. heureni)

Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri)

Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis)

Wild boar (S. scrofa)

Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis)

Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus)

TayassuidaeTayassu

White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)

Catagonus

Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)

Dicotyles

Collared peccary (D. tajacu)

Suborder TylopodaCamelidaeLama

Llama (L. glama)

Guanaco (L. guanicoe)

Alpaca (L. pacos)

Vicuña (L. vicugna)

Camelus

Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus)

Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius)

Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus)

Suborder WhippomorphaHippopotamidaeHippopotamus

Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)

Choeropsis

Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)

Cetacea

see Cetacea

vteMilkSource

Buffalo

Camel

Cow

Donkey

Goat

Horse

Human

Colostrum

Newborn

Moose

Pig

Sheep

Types

Baked

Carbonated

Condensed

Evaporated

Filled

Flavored

Anise

Chocolate

Coffee

Vanilla

Haymilk

Malted

Organic

Pasteurized

Powdered

Raw

Scalded

Skimmed

Soured

Toned

UHT

Ultrafiltered

Products

Ayran

Butter

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Goat - Description, Habitat, Image, Diet, and Interesting Facts

HomeAnimal IndexComplete List of AnimalsA – GAnimals that start with AAnimals that start with BAnimals that start with CAnimals that start with DAnimals that start with EAnimals that start with FAnimals that start with GH – NAnimals that start with HAnimals that start with IAnimals that start with JAnimals that start with KAnimals that start with LAnimals that start with MAnimals that start with NO – TAnimals that start with OAnimals that start with PAnimals that start with QAnimals that start with RAnimals that start with SAnimals that start with TU – ZAnimals that start with UAnimals that start with VAnimals that start with WAnimals that start with XAnimals that start with YAnimals that start with ZDogsParks and ZoosCitationContact Us Search HomeAnimal IndexComplete List of AnimalsA – GAnimals that start with AAnimals that start with BAnimals that start with CAnimals that start with DAnimals that start with EAnimals that start with FAnimals that start with GH – NAnimals that start with HAnimals that start with IAnimals that start with JAnimals that start with KAnimals that start with LAnimals that start with MAnimals that start with NO – TAnimals that start with OAnimals that start with PAnimals that start with QAnimals that start with RAnimals that start with SAnimals that start with TU – ZAnimals that start with UAnimals that start with VAnimals that start with WAnimals that start with XAnimals that start with YAnimals that start with ZDogsParks and ZoosCitationContact Us Animals Network HomeAnimal IndexComplete List of AnimalsA – GAnimals that start with AAnimals that start with BAnimals that start with CAnimals that start with DAnimals that start with EAnimals that start with FAnimals that start with GH – NAnimals that start with HAnimals that start with IAnimals that start with JAnimals that start with KAnimals that start with LAnimals that start with MAnimals that start with NO – TAnimals that start with OAnimals that start with PAnimals that start with QAnimals that start with RAnimals that start with SAnimals that start with TU – ZAnimals that start with UAnimals that start with VAnimals that start with WAnimals that start with XAnimals that start with YAnimals that start with ZDogsParks and ZoosCitationContact Us MammaliaArtiodactylaBovidaeCapraCapra aegagrus hircusCaprinaeChordataGoatBy Animals Network TeamA Goat is any member of the taxonomic genus Capra. This group includes nine different species. The domestic Goat is a subspecies of the wild Goat (Capra aegagrus). For our purposes, we will focus on the domestic subspecies in this article. Read on to learn about the Goat. Description of the GoatThese mammals share a few distinct characteristics. They have hooves on their ends of their feet, and they stand on two primary “toes” rather than a single hoof like a horse. Most breeds also have horns that grow from the tops of their heads. The various breeds come in a number of different sizes. The largest breeds reach about 2.5 feet tall at the shoulder and weigh up to 300 lbs. or more. Males generally reach larger sizes than females.Interesting Facts About the GoatThese charismatic creatures have a number of interesting traits and adaptations. Learn more about what makes them unique, below.Early Domestication – People domesticated these creatures as one of the very first domesticated animals. Researchers believe that humans began the domestication process at least 10,000 years ago.Goat’s Milk – Some people drink Goat’s milk, but they produce only 2% of the world’s milk supply. However, many people use their milk to make cheese and other dairy products.Human Reliance – Queen Mary University in London conducted a study with these mammals and found that they seek aid from humans when they cannot accomplish a task. When the researchers presented a box to the Goat with a treat inside and they could not open the lid, the Goat move toward humans before returning to the box.Catgut – People use part of the intestines of Goats and sheep to produce catgut. They use the catgut in musical instruments, and as dissolvable stitches for internal wounds. People still use catgut for these purposes to some extent.Habitat of the GoatAs a domestic animal, people generally choose the habitat in which these creatures live. However, some feral populations do exist. For this reason, you can find these animals in rocky mountainous regions, meadows, taiga, and more. Generally, people keep these Goats in farmland, woodland, scrub, and other similar habitats with plenty of grass and shrubbery to eat.Distribution of the GoatYou can find various breeds across the globe, virtually anywhere humans live. Researchers believe that the original descendants of our modern domestic Goats lived in Asia. However, you can now find these creatures on every continent except Antarctica. Feral populations also live in Australia, Hawaii, the Galapagos, and more.Diet of the GoatThese mammals have herbivorous feeding habits. They eat a variety of different plants. Unlike cows and sheep, these creatures do not graze, but browse on virtually all plant matter. This means that in addition to grass they also eat shrubs, bushes, leaves, and virtually any edible plant matter.When people keep these animals on empty lots or areas without adequate plants and grasses, they must provide commercially produced pelleted food and/or hay for them to eat.Goat and Human InteractionThe domestic variation of these creatures would not exist without human interaction. Thousands of years ago people selected and bred only the most docile, friendly, personable individuals and over many generations the domestication process occurred.People use and have used these mammals for a wide variety of purposes. They keep them as pets, breed, them, show them, use their milk, hide, and meat. Some people also use them to clear bushes and shrubbery from areas.DomesticationResearchers believe that humans began the domestication process of this species at least 10,000 years ago. Archaeologists discovered the remains of the earliest domestic examples of these creatures in Iran, and the remains date back to 10,000 years ago. They have also found similar remains throughout the Middle East and Asia.Does the Goat Make a Good PetYes, these mammals can make wonderful pets to the right people. Most, with proper socialization, have incredibly friendly demeanors. However, you must provide ample space and pasture for them to graze and exercise, medical care, and shelter from the elements.Goat CareAs social animals, people keep these creatures in groups known as herds. You must provide plenty of grass or shrub for them to eat, and supplement that with pelleted feed or hay as necessary.Additionally, these creatures can fall prey to predators quite easily, and must have secure fencing to keep them safe. Many people use dogs or donkeys as livestock guardians to protect the herd from predators.Behavior of the GoatThese mammals are well known for their curious and friendly nature, and their propensity to eat just about anything. In reality, these mammals do not eat everything, but they will nibble and investigate anything that they deem particularly interesting. They also enjoy climbing, and often climb trees and rocky outcrops.Reproduction of the GoatDifferent breeds reach sexual maturity at different rates. When females, known as does, come into season, or heat, the males, known as bucks, enter rut. During rut, they release pheromones and urinate on themselves. After mating, the gestation period lasts about five months. Most females give birth to two or three offspring, known as kids.Beliefs, Superstitions, and Phobias About the GoatPeople have featured these animals in a number of different mythologies, religions, folklore, and even used them as sacrifices for religious ceremonies. For example, Norse Mythology says that Thor rode a chariot drawn by a pair of Goats. As another example, people often depict the Greek god Pan as a man with horns and the lower body of a Goat.TAGSdomestic goatGoatgoat's milkmilk goatmountain goatwild goatCydni Oldham RELATED ARTICLESMORE FROM AUTHOR ArtiodactylaRed Angus ChordataPaint Horse ActinopterygiiBlack Sole Expert Recommendations Dog CareBest Wet Dog Food Dog CareBest Dog Raincoat Dog CareBest Dog Ear Cleaner Dog CareBest No Pull Dog Harness Dog CareBest Dog Shampoo for Dry Skin Dog CareBest Dog Leash Dog CareBest Dog Food for Pitbulls Dog CareBest Dog Food for Huskies Dog CareBest Dog Frisbee Dog CareBest Senior Dog FoodAnimals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. 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Animals

Land Mammals

Facts About Goats

References

By Alina Bradford published 21 October 2015

(Image credit: Brian Squibb)

Goats are stout-bodied mammals with horns and cloven hooves. There are two types of goats: domestic goats (Capra hircus), which are raised and bred as farm animals; and mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), which live in steep, rocky areas in the American Northwest. Goats are members of the Bovidae family, which also includes antelopes, cattle and sheep, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Other members of the Capragenus include the ibex, markhors and turs, which are sometimes called wild goats. Mountain goats are the only living species in the genus Oreamnos. SizeMountain goats can weigh from 125 to 180 lbs. (57 to 82 kilograms) and grow from 49 to 70 inches (124 to 178 centimeters) long. Their black horns grow up to 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) long. They do not shed their horns, so a goat's age can be determined by counting the annual growth rings. Both males and female mountain goats have horns, according to the Animal Diversity Web (ADW) at the University of Michigan. There are about 200 breeds of domestic goat, according to the Smithsonian Institution, so sizes vary greatly. One of the smallest breeds, the Nigerian dwarf goat, weighs about 20 lbs. (9 kg). Pygmy goats weigh from 53 to 86 lbs. (24 to 39 kg). The Anglo-Nubian goat weighs up to 250 lbs. (113 kg). HabitatMountain goats are found in the Rocky Mountains, typically in Alaska, western Montana, central Idaho, South Dakota, Colorado and Washington. The wide spread of their cloven hooves allows them to climb steep mountain sides with ease. They usually live in elevations of 3,281 to 16,404 feet (1,000 to 5,000 meters) above sea level. Domestic goats are raised all over the world in almost every type of terrestrial biomes. The main habitat requirements for a domestic goat are grass to eat and a clean, ventilated shelter, according to the ADW. HabitsGoats are very social creatures and live in groups called herds, which may contain as many as 20 goats in the wild, according to National Geographic. Mountain goats are most social during the winter and tend to go solo in the summer. In herds, there is a dominant female throughout the year, until mating season. At this time a male dominates the herd. Many times, males only live with a few other males or by themselves, year-round.Goats typically spend their days grazing on grasses within their home range, which is an area of about 14 square miles (23 square kilometers), according to the ADW. Mountain goats will dig 1 to 1 inch (25 to 50 mm) depressions in the ground to sleep, rest and dust bathe in. DietGoats are herbivores, which means they eat only vegetation. Their favorite food is grass, though mountain goats also eat mosses and plants. Many domestic goats will also eat trash, house plants or any other items they find lying around.Goats grab food with their lips and bring it into their mouths, according to the Smithsonian. The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw, so they can only use one side of their mouths to grind the food. This causes the rotary movement that is seen when a goat (or a cow) is chewing.Goats are ruminants, and like cattle, they have four stomach compartments. The rumen can hold 4 to 6 gallons (15 to 23 liters); the reticulum can hold up to 0.26 to 0.5 gallons (0.98 to 1.9 liters); the omasum can hold up to 0.26 gallons (0.98 liters) and the abomasum can hold up to 1 gallon (3.8 liters). It takes 11 to 15 hours for food to pass through a goat's digestive system.A baby goat nuzzles its mama. (Image credit: © Brian Squibb) OffspringA male goat is called a buck or a billy, unless it is castrated, and then it is called a wether. Female goats, also called nannies or does, give birth to one or two offspring in the spring after a gestation period of 150 to 180 days. Baby goats are called kids. Within minutes of being born, kids are up and walking around. At three to four months the kids are weaned, and at 30 months they are ready to have kids of their own. Wild goats typically have a life span of 9 to 12 years. Classification/taxonomyHere is the taxonomy of goats, according to ITIS:Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Bilateria Infrakingdom: Deuterostomia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Caprinae Genera & species:Oreamnos americanus (mountain goats)Capra hircus (domestic goats)Subspecies:Capra hircus aegagrus (bezoars, or wild goat), found in western AsiaCapra hircus chialtanensis (Chiltan goat), found in west-central PakistanCapra hircus cretica (Cretan goat, kri-kri, agrimi, or Cretan ibex), found in eastern MediterraneanCapra hircus hircusCapra hircus jourensisCapra hircus picta Conservation statusAccording to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), most wild goats are considered vulnerable, threatened or endangered. For example, the Capra hircus aegagrus is considered vulnerable because of an estimated population decline of around 30 percent over the past three generations. A cousin of the goat, Capra caucasica, or West Caucasian tur, a mountain-dwelling goat-antelope found only in the Caucasus mountains, is considered endangered by the IUCN because of an estimated population decline of more than 50 percent over the past three generations. Goats vs. sheepGoats and sheep are different species, and there are several physical and behavioral differences. According to Susan Schoenian, a sheep and goat specialist at the University of Maryland, on the website Sheep101:Goats have 60 chromosomes; sheep have 54. (Humans have 46 chromosomes.)A goat's tail usually points up (unless it is frightened or sick); a sheep's tail hangs down and is often shortened (docked).Goats are independent and naturally curious; sheep prefer to flock together and are more aloof.Goats' coats do not require shearing or combing (but Angora goats are sheared to provide a fiber called mohair). A sheep's woolly coat will continue growing unless it is sheared. [Related: Overgrown Sheep Gets Record-Breaking Haircut]Most goats have horns; many breeds of sheep are hornless (polled). Goat horns are narrow and straight; sheep horns curl around in loops on the side of their heads. Other factsMountain goats can jump 12 feet (3.5 meters) in a single bound, according to National Geographic. Mountain goats have bright white coats that help them blend into the snowy areas of their home ranges. Domestic goats have coats that are yellow, chocolate or black.Goats were one of the first domesticated animals and were first domesticated around 9,000 years ago, according to the Smithsonian. In bright light, the pupil in a goat's eye is rectangular rather than round.Goat meat — called chevon or cabrito — is eaten all over the world.More people consume goat milk than the milk from any other animal.Additional resourcesSan Diego Zoo: Domestic GoatsThe Guardian: Synthetic Biology and The Rise of the 'Spider-Goats’Oklahoma State University: Goat Breeds

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Alina BradfordSocial Links NavigationLive Science ContributorAlina Bradford is a contributing writer for Live Science. Over the past 16 years, Alina has covered everything from Ebola to androids while writing health, science and tech articles for major publications. She has multiple health, safety and lifesaving certifications from Oklahoma State University. Alina's goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible. To date, she has been a volunteer firefighter, a dispatcher, substitute teacher, artist, janitor, children's book author, pizza maker, event coordinator and much more.

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Goats - Facts, Diet, Milk & Habitat Information

s - Facts, Diet, Milk & Habitat Information Animal CornerDiscover the many amazing animals that live on our planet.HomeA-Z AnimalsAnatomyGlossaryAnimal ListsAnimal By LetterAnimals by LocationMammalsBirdsReptilesAmphibiansSpirit AnimalsFree ResourcesAnimal Coloring PagesAnimal JokesAnimal QuizzesPetsDog BreedsRabbit BreedsCat BreedsPet RodentsAnimal CareBlogYou are here: Home / Animals / GoatsGoatsImage SourceGoats are amazing animals. Goats are tough and versatile and have more uses than you could ever imagine. Goats can survive and thrive just about anywhere. A goat is a hoofed mammal in the genus ‘Capra’. Most goats are referred to as ‘domestic goats which are sub-species of the ‘wild goat’.Altogether there are nine species of goat in the world, however, the domestic goat is the most common. Goats are ‘bovids’ and are members of the family ‘bovidae‘ and ‘caprins’ which are sub-species of the sub-family ‘caprinae’.Like cows and giraffes, goats are ruminant animals which means they chew cud. Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach which plays a vital role in digesting, regurgitating and re-digesting their food. Goats are herbivores (plant-eaters) who spend most of the day grazing. Goats eat grass, herbs, tree leaves and other plant material. Goats swallow their food without chewing it much. Later, they regurgitate the food (then called a cud) and chew it thoroughly before swallowing it for the last time.A male goat is called a buck or billy, and a female is called a doe or nanny. Young goats are called kids.Just like sheep, goats are considered to be the ‘first domesticated animal’. The domestication process began over 10,000 years ago in a North Iranian town called Sangsar. The initial reasons for domesticating goats was to have easy access to goat hair, meat and milk. Goat skins were also used up until the Middle Ages for making bottles out of to hold water and wine for people who were traveling or camping.Goats meat and milk is still consumed today and goats milk is becoming ever popular as a healthy alternative to cows milk. Goats milk is easier to digest than cows milk and many call this milk ‘universal milk’ as it can be used to bottle feed most animals.Goat skin is also still used today to make gloves and other items of clothing. Angora Goats produce mohair which is a fine, soft, lustrous fibre. Pygora Goats produce a cashmere type of fibre. Both mohair and cashmere are used to make jumpers and cardigans and other types of woolen clothing items.However, not all goats are just used for human provisions. A lot of people keep goats as pets.Goats have many similarities to sheep. The only main difference between sheep and goats is that goats have shorter tails than sheep and goat horns are longer and grow in a upward, backward and outward direction, while horns on a sheep grow in a twisted spiral shape.Like sheep, goats enjoy being in a herd. Goats tend to survive better when they are in a herd rather than if they were alone. Every herd has a ‘Herd Queen’, who leads the herd while browsing. Goats are also much more lively than sheep and their inquisitive nature makes them humourous, enjoyable and curious pets.Goat BehaviourGoats are extremely curious and intelligent. Goats are easily house trained and you can teach them to pull carts and walk on leads. Goats are also known for escaping their pens. If you have unsecured fencing, be warned your goats will be inquisitive and test it out and soon you will know where the gaps are. Goats are very coordinated and can climb and hold their balance in the most awkward places. Goats are also widely known for their ability to climb trees, although the tree generally has to be at a slight angle.If goats are raised correctly and disciplined from an early age, they never develop any bad habits. Goats will butt each other, this is quite natural and normal as they develop an order of dominance in the herd. However if corrected from an early age they never butt humans or other animals.A goat that has been teased may butt people as part of their ‘play’, which may start as kids, when it is no problem. It can be a problem if this behaviour extends to adult age and size. Hence start correctly: if a small kid pushes against your legs, never push back.Goats make a bleating sound much like a sheep. All in all, goats make wonderful companions and pets. Goats are a pleasure to keep and give you many hours of fun watching them with their humorous ways. Goats all have very different personalities and different little habits which can be very interesting to observe.Goats MilkThe average milk production of a dairy goat is 6 – 8 pounds per day. However, a high yielding Doe can produce up to 16 pounds of milk per day. Milking machines are sometimes used to extract the milk from the goats, similar to those used on cows at a Dairy Cow Farm. However, some owners of small goat herds prefer to hand milk their goats, usually twice a day. Goats milk is considered to be very healthy in lots of ways. Goats milk is used to make many dairy items that are both tasty and healthy. These include: pasteurised and unpasteurised milks, cheese, yogurts, cream and butter.Many people tend to choose goats milk as an alternative from cows milk because goat milk casein and goat milk fat are more easy to digest than cow’s milk. Goat milk is valued for use with the elderly, sick, babies, children and those with a cows milk allergy. It is also a preferred milk used to give to orphan foals, puppies and other animals.Fat globules are smaller in goats milk than in cows milk and therefore remain dispersed longer giving it a more digestible texture.Goats milk is higher in Vitamin A, Niacin, Choline and Inositol than cows milk, however, it is lower in Vitamin B6, B12, C and Carotenoids.More Fascinating Animals to Learn AboutMountain GoatCowsDomestic PigTeira Batfish (Platax teira)Potter WaspsBrandling WormsAbout Joanne SpencerI've always been passionate about animals which led me to a career in training and behaviour. As an animal professional I'm committed to improving relationships between people and animals to bring them more happiness.Animal ClassificationKingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:ChordataClass:MammaliaOrder:ArtiodactylaFamily:BovidaeSubfamily:CaprinaeTribe:CapriniGenus:CapraSpecies:C. hircusBinomial name:Capra hircusSearchMost Popular AnimalsZebras Aquatic Warbler Atlantic DolphinsTrapdoor SpiderGiraffe MeerkatsTimber WolfPraying MantisHuntsman SpiderVampire Bat Animal Names Glossary Mammals Dog Breeds Farm Animals Best of the BlogFreshwater Marvels – 21 Awesome Animals that Live in LakesWhat are the Fastest Animals in the World?31 Animals with Funny Names and Weird Sounding Names: Humor in NatureTop 15 Deadliest Animals in the World – The Most Fatal Creatures You May EncounterOphiophagy – Examples of animals that eat snakesList of Fascinating Solitary AnimalsCopyright © 2005-2024 · Animal Corner · All Rights Reserved · Affiliate Disclaimer · Privacy Policy · Animals Sitemap . About Us AnimalCorner.org is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.

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